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In: Kocurek MJ (ed) Pulp and paper manufacture, vol 5, 3rd edn. Non recycled paper is either landfilled or incinerated. Post-use, an increasing fraction of paper and paper products is recycled. In the paper factory, the pulp is dried and pressed to produce paper sheets. The pulp is then bleached and further processed, depending on the type and grade of paper that is to be produced. Pulp making can be done mechanically or chemically. The harvested wood is first processed so that the fibres are separated from the unusable fraction of the wood, the lignin. Paper production is basically a two-step process in which a fibrous raw material is first converted into pulp, and then the pulp is converted into paper. Paper for recycling accounts for about 50 % of the fibres used – but in a few cases straw, hemp, grass, cotton and other cellulose-bearing material can be used. The pulp for papermaking may be produced from virgin fibre by chemical or mechanical means or may be produced by the repulping of paper for recycling. Processing options and the type of wood processed are often determined by the final product. Pulp and paper mills are highly complex and integrate many different process areas including wood preparation, pulping, chemical recovery, bleaching, and papermaking to convert wood to the final product.
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